Publications

Featured Publications

Developmental trajectories of EEG aperiodic and periodic components in children 2-44 months of age. Wilkinson CL, Yankowitz LD, Chao JY, Gutiérrez R, Rhoades JL, Shinnar S, Purdon PL, Nelson CA. Nat Commun. 2024 Jul 10;15(1):5788. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50204-4. PMID: 38987558
For EEG-Guided Anesthesia, We Have to Go Beyond the Index. Kreuzer M, García PS, Gutierrez R, Purdon PL. Anesth Analg. 2024 Jun 17. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007098. Online ahead of print. PMID: 38885144
A dynamic generative model can extract interpretable oscillatory components from multichannel neurophysiological recordings. Das P, He M, Purdon PL. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Jun 10:2023.07.26.550594. doi: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550594. PMID: 37546851 Preprint.
Effect of Repeated Exposure to Sevoflurane on Electroencephalographic Alpha Oscillation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy: A Prospective Observational Study. Madariaga S, Devia C, Penna A, Egaña JI, Lucero V, Ramírez S, Maldonado F, Ganga M, Valls N, Villablanca N, Stamm T, Purdon PL, Gutiérrez R. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2024 Apr 1;36(2):125-133. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000938. Epub 2023 Nov 13. PMID: 37965706
Developmental trajectories of EEG aperiodic and periodic components: Implications for understanding thalamocortical development during infancy. Wilkinson CL, Yankowitz L, Chao JY, Gutiérrez R, Rhoades JL, Shinnar S, Purdon PL, Nelson CA. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Mar 9:2023.07.21.550114. doi: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550114. PMID: 37546863 Preprint.
Development and multicentre validation of the FLEX score: personalised preoperative surgical risk prediction using attention-based ICD-10 and Current Procedural Terminology set embeddings. Liu R, Stone TAD, Raje P, Mather RV, Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Bharadwaj K, Johnson J, Higuchi M, Nipp RD, Kunitake H, Purdon PL. Br J Anaesth. 2024 Mar;132(3):607-615. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.11.039. Epub 2024 Jan 6. PMID: 38184474

Age-Dependent Electroencephalogram Features in Infants Under Spinal Anesthesia Appear to Mirror Physiologic Sleep in the Developing Brain: A Prospective Observational Study. Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Lee JM, Liu R, Deng H, Johnson JJ, Chen AL, He M, Chung ER, Bharadwaj KM, Houle TT, Purdon PL, Liu CA. Anesth Analg. 2023 Dec 1;137(6):1241-1249. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000006410. Epub 2023 Mar 7. PMID: 36881544
Development and prospective validation of postoperative pain prediction from preoperative EHR data using attention-based set embeddings. Liu R, Gutiérrez R, Mather RV, Stone TAD, Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Bharadwaj K, Johnson J, Das P, Balanza G, Uwanaka E, Sydloski J, Chen A, Hagood M, Bittner EA, Purdon PL. NPJ Digit Med. 2023 Nov 16;6(1):209. doi: 10.1038/s41746-023-00947-z. PMID: 37973817
Anesthesia-induced Brain Oscillations and Vulnerability to Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Gutiérrez R, Purdon PL. Anesthesiology. 2023 Nov 1;139(5):557-559. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004704. PMID: 37815470
Differential cortical network engagement during states of un/consciousness in humans. Zelmann R, Paulk AC, Tian F, Balanza Villegas GA, Dezha Peralta J, Crocker B, Cosgrove GR, Richardson RM, Williams ZM, Dougherty DD, Purdon PL, Cash SS. Neuron. 2023 Nov 1;111(21):3479-3495.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.007. Epub 2023 Sep 1. PMID: 37659409
Developmental trajectories of EEG aperiodic and periodic power: Implications for understanding the timing of thalamocortical development during infancy. Wilkinson CL, Yankowitz L, Chao JY, Gutiérrez R, Rhoades JL, Shinnar S, Purdon PL, Nelson CA. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 Sep 18:rs.3.rs-3215728. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3215728/v1. PMID: 37790544 Preprint.
Phase-amplitude coupling during maintenance of general anaesthesia: towards a better understanding of anaesthetic-induced brain dynamics in children. Gutiérrez R, Purdon PL. Br J Anaesth. 2023 Sep;131(3):439-442. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.06.030. Epub 2023 Aug 4. PMID: 37611972
Switching state-space modeling of neural signal dynamics. He M, Das P, Hotan G, Purdon PL. PLoS Comput Biol. 2023 Aug 28;19(8):e1011395. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011395. eCollection 2023 Aug. PMID: 37639391
Association of Intraoperative Opioid Administration With Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use. Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Liu R, Bharadwaj KM, Johnson JJ, Gutierrez R, Das P, Balanza G, Deng H, Pandit A, Stone TAD, Macdonald T, Horgan C, Tou SLJ, Houle TT, Bittner EA, Purdon PL. JAMA Surg. 2023 Aug 1;158(8):854-864. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.2009. PMID: 37314800
Rapid thalamocortical network switching mediated by cortical synchronization underlies propofol-induced EEG signatures: a biophysical model. Soplata AE, Adam E, Brown EN, Purdon PL, McCarthy MM, Kopell N. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Jul 1;130(1):86-103. doi: 10.1152/jn.00068.2022. Epub 2023 Jun 14. PMID: 37314079
A Narrative Review Illustrating the Clinical Utility of Electroencephalogram-Guided Anesthesia Care in Children. Bong CL, Balanza GA, Khoo CE, Tan JS, Desel T, Purdon PL. Anesth Analg. 2023 Jul 1;137(1):108-123. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000006267. Epub 2023 Jun 16. PMID: 36729437 Review.
Characterizing brain dynamics during ketamine-induced dissociation and subsequent interactions with propofol using human intracranial neurophysiology. Tian F, Lewis LD, Zhou DW, Balanza GA, Paulk AC, Zelmann R, Peled N, Soper D, Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Peterfreund RA, Aglio LS, Eskandar EN, Cosgrove GR, Williams ZM, Richardson RM, Brown EN, Akeju O, Cash SS, Purdon PL. Nat Commun. 2023 Mar 29;14(1):1748. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37463-3. PMID: 36991011
Propofol disrupts alpha dynamics in functionally distinct thalamocortical networks during loss of consciousness. Weiner VS, Zhou DW, Kahali P, Stephen EP, Peterfreund RA, Aglio LS, Szabo MD, Eskandar EN, Salazar-Gomez AF, Sampson AL, Cash SS, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Mar 14;120(11):e2207831120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2207831120. Epub 2023 Mar 10. PMID: 36897972

Editorial: Innovative approaches for assessing and improving perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Koch S, Egaña JI, Penna A, Orser BA, Purdon PL, Gutiérrez R. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022 Dec 9;14:1098250. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1098250. eCollection 2022. PMID: 36570543
Decreased Electroencephalographic Alpha Power During Anesthesia Induction Is Associated With EEG Discontinuity in Human Infants. Chao JY, Gutiérrez R, Legatt AD, Yozawitz EG, Lo Y, Adams DC, Delphin ES, Shinnar S, Purdon PL. Anesth Analg. 2022 Dec 1;135(6):1207-1216. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005864. Epub 2022 Nov 16. PMID: 35041633
Sevoflurane requirements during electroencephalogram (EEG)-guided vs standard anesthesia Care in Children: A randomized controlled trial. Long MHY, Lim EHL, Balanza GA, Allen JC Jr, Purdon PL, Bong CL. J Clin Anesth. 2022 Oct;81:110913. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110913. Epub 2022 Jun 27. PMID: 35772250 Clinical Trial.
State space methods for phase amplitude coupling analysis. Soulat H, Stephen EP, Beck AM, Purdon PL. Sci Rep. 2022 Sep 24;12(1):15940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18475-3. PMID: 36153353
An electroencephalogram biomarker of fentanyl drug effects. Balanza GA, Bharadwaj KM, Mullen AC, Beck AM, Work EC, McGovern FJ, Houle TT, Eric TP, Purdon PL. PNAS Nexus. 2022 Aug 30;1(4):pgac158. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac158. eCollection 2022 Sep. PMID: 36329725

ICU delirium burden predicts functional neurologic outcomes. Paixao L, Sun H, Hogan J, Hartnack K, Westmeijer M, Neelagiri A, Zhou DW, McClain LM, Kimchi EY, Purdon PL, Akeju O, Westover MB. PLoS One. 2021 Dec 2;16(12):e0259840. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259840. eCollection 2021. PMID: 34855749
Electroencephalographic assessment of infant spinal anesthesia: A pilot prospective observational study. Whitaker EE, Chao JY, Holmes GL, Legatt AD, Yozawitz EG, Purdon PL, Shinnar S, Williams RK. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021 Nov;31(11):1179-1186. doi: 10.1111/pan.14294. Epub 2021 Sep 24. PMID: 34510633
A Model-Based Framework for Assessing the Physiologic Structure of Electrodermal Activity. Subramanian S, Purdon PL, Barbieri R, Brown EN. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2021 Sep;68(9):2833-2845. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2021.3071366. Epub 2021 Aug 24. PMID: 33822719
Quantitative assessment of the relationship between behavioral and autonomic dynamics during propofol-induced unconsciousness. Subramanian S, Purdon PL, Barbieri R, Brown EN. PLoS One. 2021 Aug 11;16(8):e0254053. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254053. eCollection 2021. PMID: 34379623 Clinical Trial.
Elementary integrate-and-fire process underlies pulse amplitudes in Electrodermal activity. Subramanian S, Purdon PL, Barbieri R, Brown EN. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021 Jul 7;17(7):e1009099. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009099. eCollection 2021 Jul. PMID: 34232965
Association Between Lower Preoperative Cognition With Intraoperative Electroencephalographic Features Consistent With Deep States of Anesthesia in Older Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. Gutiérrez RG, Egaña JI, Maldonado FA, Sáez IA, Reyes FI, Soulat H, Purdon PL, Penna A. Anesth Analg. 2021 Jul 1;133(1):205-214. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005262. PMID: 33177327
Machine learning of EEG spectra classifies unconsciousness during GABAergic anesthesia. Abel JH, Badgeley MA, Meschede-Krasa B, Schamberg G, Garwood IC, Lecamwasam K, Chakravarty S, Zhou DW, Keating M, Purdon PL, Brown EN. PLoS One. 2021 May 6;16(5):e0246165. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246165. eCollection 2021. PMID: 33956800
Age-Related EEG Power Reductions Cannot Be Explained by Changes of the Conductivity Distribution in the Head Due to Brain Atrophy. He M, Liu F, Nummenmaa A, Hämäläinen M, Dickerson BC, Purdon PL. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Feb 18;13:632310. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.632310. eCollection 2021. PMID: 33679380
Probabilistic Structure Learning for EEG/MEG Source Imaging With Hierarchical Graph Priors. Liu F, Wang L, Lou Y, Li RC, Purdon PL. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2021 Jan;40(1):321-334. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2020.3025608. Epub 2020 Dec 29. PMID: 32956052

Low Frontal Alpha Power Is Associated With the Propensity for Burst Suppression: An Electroencephalogram Phenotype for a “Vulnerable Brain”. Shao YR, Kahali P, Houle TT, Deng H, Colvin C, Dickerson BC, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Anesth Analg. 2020 Nov;131(5):1529-1539. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004781. PMID: 33079876
Case Studies Using the Electroencephalogram to Monitor Anesthesia-Induced Brain States in Children. Brandt SP, Walsh EC, Cornelissen L, Lee JM, Berde C, Shank ES, Purdon PL. Anesth Analg. 2020 Oct;131(4):1043-1056. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004817. PMID: 32925322 Review.
Broadband slow-wave modulation in posterior and anterior cortex tracks distinct states of propofol-induced unconsciousness. Stephen EP, Hotan GC, Pierce ET, Harrell PG, Walsh JL, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Sci Rep. 2020 Aug 13;10(1):13701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68756-y. PMID: 32792556
Detecting Loss and Regain of Consciousness during Propofol Anesthesia using Multimodal Indices of Autonomic State. Subramanian S, Barbieri R, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2020 Jul;2020:824-827. doi: 10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9175366. PMID: 33018112
American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint Consensus Statement on the Role of Neuromonitoring in Perioperative Outcomes: Electroencephalography. Chan MTV, Hedrick TL, Egan TD, García PS, Koch S, Purdon PL, Ramsay MA, Miller TE, McEvoy MD, Gan TJ; Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) 6 Workgroup. Anesth Analg. 2020 May;130(5):1278-1291. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004502. PMID: 31764163 Review.
Constructing a control-ready model of EEG signal during general anesthesia in humans. Abel JH, Badgeley MA, Baum TE, Chakravarty S, Purdon PL, Brown EN. IFAC Pap OnLine. 2020;53(2):15870-15876. doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.243. Epub 2021 Apr 14. PMID: 34184002

Sparse Multi-task Inverse Covariance Estimation for Connectivity Analysis in EEG Source Space. Liu F, Stephen EP, Prerau MJ, Purdon PL. Int IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng. 2019 Mar;2019:299-302. doi: 10.1109/NER.2019.8717043. Epub 2019 May 20. PMID: 31156761

Electroencephalogram Based Detection of Deep Sedation in ICU Patients Using Atomic Decomposition. Nagaraj SB, McClain LM, Boyle EJ, Zhou DW, Ramaswamy SM, Biswal S, Akeju O, Purdon PL, Westover MB. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2018 Dec;65(12):2684-2691. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2018.2813265. Epub 2018 Mar 7. PMID: 29993386
Variability in pharmacologically-induced coma for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. An J, Jonnalagadda D, Moura V Junior, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Westover MB. PLoS One. 2018 Oct 31;13(10):e0205789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205789. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30379935 Clinical Trial.
A transient cortical state with sleep-like sensory responses precedes emergence from general anesthesia in humans. Lewis LD, Piantoni G, Peterfreund RA, Eskandar EN, Harrell PG, Akeju O, Aglio LS, Cash SS, Brown EN, Mukamel EA, Purdon PL. Elife. 2018 Aug 10;7:e33250. doi: 10.7554/eLife.33250. PMID: 30095069
Reply to Barnett et al.: Regarding interpretation of Granger causality analyses. Stokes PA, Purdon PL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jul 17;115(29):E6678-E6679. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807099115. Epub 2018 Jul 10. PMID: 29991603
State Space Oscillator Models for Neural Data Analysis. Beck AM, Stephen EP, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2018 Jul;2018:4740-4743. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2018.8513215. PMID: 30441408
Brain Monitoring of Sedation in the Intensive Care Unit Using a Recurrent Neural Network. Sun H, Nagaraj SB, Akeju O, Purdon PL, Westover BM. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2018 Jul;2018:1-4. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2018.8513185. PMID: 30440304
Using EEG markers to make inferences about anaesthetic-induced altered states of arousal. Brown EN, Purdon PL, Akeju O, An J. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jul;121(1):325-327. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.034. Epub 2018 Mar 14. PMID: 29935587
Age-Dependent Changes in the Propofol-Induced Electroencephalogram in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Walsh EC, Lee JM, Terzakis K, Zhou DW, Burns S, Buie TM, Firth PG, Shank ES, Houle TT, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Front Syst Neurosci. 2018 Jun 22;12:23. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00023. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29988455
Electroencephalographic markers of brain development during sevoflurane anaesthesia in children up to 3 years old. Cornelissen L, Kim SE, Lee JM, Brown EN, Purdon PL, Berde CB. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jun;120(6):1274-1286. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.037. Epub 2018 Apr 5. PMID: 29793594
Computationally Efficient Algorithms for Sparse, Dynamic Solutions to the EEG Source Localization Problem. Pirondini E, Babadi B, Obregon-Henao G, Lamus C, Malik WQ, Hamalainen MS, Purdon PL. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2018 Jun;65(6):1359-1372. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2017.2739824. Epub 2017 Sep 14. PMID: 28920892

Thalamocortical control of propofol phase-amplitude coupling. Soplata AE, McCarthy MM, Sherfey J, Lee S, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Kopell N. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017 Dec 11;13(12):e1005879. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005879. eCollection 2017 Dec. PMID: 29227992
Sparsity enables estimation of both subcortical and cortical activity from MEG and EEG. Krishnaswamy P, Obregon-Henao G, Ahveninen J, Khan S, Babadi B, Iglesias JE, Hämäläinen MS, Purdon PL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Nov 28;114(48):E10465-E10474. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1705414114. Epub 2017 Nov 14. PMID: 29138310
Pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol-induced general anesthesia in young adults. Chakravarty S, Nikolaeva K, Kishnan D, Flores FJ, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Health Innov Point Care Conf. 2017 Nov;2017:44-47. doi: 10.1109/hic.2017.8227580. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 32803192
Robust Estimation of Sparse Narrowband Spectra from Neuronal Spiking Data. Miran S, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Babadi B. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2017 Oct;64(10):2462-2474. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2016.2642783. Epub 2016 Dec 22. PMID: 28026746
A study of problems encountered in Granger causality analysis from a neuroscience perspective. Stokes PA, Purdon PL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Aug 22;114(34):E7063-E7072. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1704663114. Epub 2017 Aug 4. PMID: 28778996
Thalamocortical synchronization during induction and emergence from propofol-induced unconsciousness. Flores FJ, Hartnack KE, Fath AB, Kim SE, Wilson MA, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Aug 8;114(32):E6660-E6668. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1700148114. Epub 2017 Jul 25. PMID: 28743752
A Prospective Study of Age-dependent Changes in Propofol-induced Electroencephalogram Oscillations in Children. Lee JM, Akeju O, Terzakis K, Pavone KJ, Deng H, Houle TT, Firth PG, Shank ES, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Anesthesiology. 2017 Aug;127(2):293-306. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001717. PMID: 28657957
Design, implementation, and evaluation of a physiological closed-loop control device for medically-induced coma. Jingzhi An, Purdon PL, Solt K, Sims NM, Brown EN, Westover MB. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2017 Jul;2017:4313-4316. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2017.8037810. PMID: 29060851
Patient-Specific Classification of ICU Sedation Levels From Heart Rate Variability. Nagaraj SB, Biswal S, Boyle EJ, Zhou DW, McClain LM, Bajwa EK, Quraishi SA, Akeju O, Barbieri R, Purdon PL, Westover MB. Crit Care Med. 2017 Jul;45(7):e683-e690. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002364. PMID: 28441231
Lack of Responsiveness during the Onset and Offset of Sevoflurane Anesthesia Is Associated with Decreased Awake-Alpha Oscillation Power. Pavone KJ, Su L, Gao L, Eromo E, Vazquez R, Rhee J, Hobbs LE, Ibala R, Demircioglu G, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Akeju O. Front Syst Neurosci. 2017 May 30;11:38. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00038. eCollection 2017. PMID: 28611601
Sleep Neurophysiological Dynamics Through the Lens of Multitaper Spectral Analysis. Prerau MJ, Brown RE, Bianchi MT, Ellenbogen JM, Purdon PL. Physiology (Bethesda). 2017 Jan;32(1):60-92. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00062.2015. PMID: 27927806 Review.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Dexmedetomidine-Induced Electroencephalogram Oscillations. Akeju O, Kim SE, Vazquez R, Rhee J, Pavone KJ, Hobbs LE, Purdon PL, Brown EN. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 6;11(10):e0163431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163431. eCollection 2016. PMID: 27711165 Clinical Trial.
Automatic Classification of Sedation Levels in ICU Patients Using Heart Rate Variability. Nagaraj SB, McClain LM, Zhou DW, Biswal S, Rosenthal ES, Purdon PL, Westover MB. Crit Care Med. 2016 Sep;44(9):e782-9. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001708. PMID: 27035240
Heart rate variability as a biomarker for sedation depth estimation in ICU patients. Nagaraj SB, Ramaswamy SM, Biswal S, Boyle EJ, Zhou DW, Mcclain LM, Rosenthal ES, Purdon PL, Westover MB. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016 Aug;2016:6397-6400. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7592192. PMID: 28269712
GABAA circuit mechanisms are associated with ether anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Akeju O, Hamilos AE, Song AH, Pavone KJ, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Jun;127(6):2472-81. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.02.012. Epub 2016 Feb 27. PMID: 27178867
Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Akeju O, Song AH, Hamilos AE, Pavone KJ, Flores FJ, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Jun;127(6):2414-22. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.005. Epub 2016 Mar 16. PMID: 27178861
Reference-free removal of EEG-fMRI ballistocardiogram artifacts with harmonic regression. Krishnaswamy P, Bonmassar G, Poulsen C, Pierce ET, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Neuroimage. 2016 Mar;128:398-412. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.088. Epub 2015 Jul 5. PMID: 26151100
Nitrous oxide-induced slow and delta oscillations. Pavone KJ, Akeju O, Sampson AL, Ling K, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Jan;127(1):556-564. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.06.001. Epub 2015 Jun 10. PMID: 26118489

Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists: Part I: Background and Basic Signatures. Purdon PL, Sampson A, Pavone KJ, Brown EN. Anesthesiology. 2015 Oct;123(4):937-60. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000841. PMID: 26275092 Review.
A PK-PD model of ketamine-induced high-frequency oscillations. Flores FJ, Ching S, Hartnack K, Fath AB, Purdon PL, Wilson MA, Brown EN. J Neural Eng. 2015 Oct;12(5):056006. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056006. Epub 2015 Aug 13. PMID: 26268223
The human burst suppression electroencephalogram of deep hypothermia. Westover MB, Ching S, Kumaraswamy VM, Akeju SO, Pierce E, Cash SS, Kilbride R, Brown EN, Purdon PL.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Oct;126(10):1901-1914. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.12.022. Epub 2015 Jan 16. PMID: 25649968
Robust control of burst suppression for medical coma. Westover MB, Kim SE, Ching S, Purdon PL, Brown EN. J Neural Eng. 2015 Aug;12(4):046004. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/4/046004. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 26020243
Age-dependency of sevoflurane-induced electroencephalogram dynamics in children. Akeju O, Pavone KJ, Thum JA, Firth PG, Westover MB, Puglia M, Shank ES, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):i66-i76. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev114. PMID: 26174303
Ageing delays emergence from general anaesthesia in rats by increasing anaesthetic sensitivity in the brain. Chemali JJ, Kenny JD, Olutola O, Taylor NE, Kimchi EY, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Solt K. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):i58-i65. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev112. PMID: 26174302
The Ageing Brain: Age-dependent changes in the electroencephalogram during propofol and sevoflurane general anaesthesia. Purdon PL, Pavone KJ, Akeju O, Smith AC, Sampson AL, Lee J, Zhou DW, Solt K, Brown EN. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):i46-i57. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev213. PMID: 26174300
Age-dependent electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns during sevoflurane general anesthesia in infants. Cornelissen L, Kim SE, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Berde CB. Elife. 2015 Jun 23;4:e06513. doi: 10.7554/eLife.06513. PMID: 26102526
Spatial variation in automated burst suppression detection in pharmacologically induced coma. An J, Jonnalagadda D, Moura V, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Westover MB. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015;2015:7430-3. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7320109. PMID: 26738009
Clustering analysis to identify distinct spectral components of encephalogram burst suppression in critically ill patients. Zhou DW, Westover MB, McClain LM, Nagaraj SB, Bajwa EK, Quraishi SA, Akeju O, Cobb JP, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015;2015:7258-61. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7320067. PMID: 26737967
An enhanced cerebral recovery index for coma prognostication following cardiac arrest. Ghassemi MM, Amorim E, Pati SB, Mark RG, Brown EN, Purdon PL, Westover MB. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015;2015:534-7. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318417. PMID: 26736317

Robust spectrotemporal decomposition by iteratively reweighted least squares. Ba D, Babadi B, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 16;111(50):E5336-45. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320637111. Epub 2014 Dec 2. PMID: 25468968
Disruption of thalamic functional connectivity is a neural correlate of dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness. Akeju O, Loggia ML, Catana C, Pavone KJ, Vazquez R, Rhee J, Contreras Ramirez V, Chonde DB, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Arabasz G, Hsu S, Habeeb K, Hooker JM, Napadow V, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Elife. 2014 Nov 28;3:e04499. doi: 10.7554/eLife.04499. PMID: 25432022
Effects of sevoflurane and propofol on frontal electroencephalogram power and coherence. Akeju O, Westover MB, Pavone KJ, Sampson AL, Hartnack KE, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Anesthesiology. 2014 Nov;121(5):990-8. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000436. PMID: 25233374
A comparison of propofol- and dexmedetomidine-induced electroencephalogram dynamics using spectral and coherence analysis. Akeju O, Pavone KJ, Westover MB, Vazquez R, Prerau MJ, Harrell PG, Hartnack KE, Rhee J, Sampson AL, Habeeb K, Gao L, Pierce ET, Walsh JL, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Anesthesiology. 2014 Nov;121(5):978-89. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000419. PMID: 25187999
Tracking the sleep onset process: an empirical model of behavioral and physiological dynamics. Prerau MJ, Hartnack KE, Obregon-Henao G, Sampson A, Merlino M, Gannon K, Bianchi MT, Ellenbogen JM, Purdon PL. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014 Oct 2;10(10):e1003866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003866. eCollection 2014 Oct. PMID: 25275376
Statistical modeling of behavioral dynamics during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Wong KF, Smith AC, Pierce ET, Harrell PG, Walsh JL, Salazar-Gómez AF, Tavares CL, Purdon PL, Brown EN. J Neurosci Methods. 2014 Apr 30;227:65-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.026. Epub 2014 Feb 14. PMID: 24530701
A Subspace Pursuit-based Iterative Greedy Hierarchical solution to the neuromagnetic inverse problem. Babadi B, Obregon-Henao G, Lamus C, Hämäläinen MS, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Neuroimage. 2014 Feb 15;87:427-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.008. Epub 2013 Sep 18. PMID: 24055554
A transition in brain state during propofol-induced unconsciousness. Mukamel EA, Pirondini E, Babadi B, Wong KF, Pierce ET, Harrell PG, Walsh JL, Salazar-Gomez AF, Cash SS, Eskandar EN, Weiner VS, Brown EN, Purdon PL. J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 15;34(3):839-45. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5813-12.2014. PMID: 24431442

Convergence and Stability of a Class of Iteratively Re-weighted Least Squares Algorithms for Sparse Signal Recovery in the Presence of Noise. Babadi B, Ba D, Purdon PL, Brown EN. IEEE Trans Signal Process. 2013 Oct 30;62(1):183-195. doi: 10.1109/TSP.2013.2287685. Epub 2014 Jan 1. PMID: 26549965
Burst suppression probability algorithms: state-space methods for tracking EEG burst suppression. Chemali J, Ching S, Purdon PL, Solt K, Brown EN. J Neural Eng. 2013 Oct;10(5):056017. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056017. Epub 2013 Sep 10. PMID: 24018288
Real-time closed-loop control in a rodent model of medically induced coma using burst suppression. Ching S, Liberman MY, Chemali JJ, Westover MB, Kenny JD, Solt K, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Anesthesiology. 2013 Oct;119(4):848-60. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829d4ab4. PMID: 23770601
Real-time segmentation of burst suppression patterns in critical care EEG monitoring. Brandon Westover M, Shafi MM, Ching S, Chemali JJ, Purdon PL, Cash SS, Brown EN. J Neurosci Methods. 2013 Sep 30;219(1):131-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.07.003. Epub 2013 Jul 23. PMID: 23891828
Local cortical dynamics of burst suppression in the anaesthetized brain. Lewis LD, Ching S, Weiner VS, Peterfreund RA, Eskandar EN, Cash SS, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Brain. 2013 Sep;136(Pt 9):2727-37. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt174. Epub 2013 Jul 25. PMID: 23887187
The aging brain and anesthesia. Brown EN, Purdon PL. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013 Aug;26(4):414-9. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e328362d183. PMID: 23820102 Review.
Thalamocortical mechanisms for the anteriorization of α rhythms during propofol-induced unconsciousness. Vijayan S, Ching S, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Kopell NJ. J Neurosci. 2013 Jul 3;33(27):11070-5. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5670-12.2013. PMID: 23825412
Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol. Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Mukamel EA, Prerau MJ, Walsh JL, Wong KF, Salazar-Gomez AF, Harrell PG, Sampson AL, Cimenser A, Ching S, Kopell NJ, Tavares-Stoeckel C, Habeeb K, Merhar R, Brown EN. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Mar 19;110(12):E1142-51. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221180110. Epub 2013 Mar 4. PMID: 23487781 Clinical Trial.
Biophysical Modeling of Alpha Rhythms During Halothane-Induced Unconsciousness. Vijayan S, Ching S, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Kopell NJ. Int IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng. 2013:1104-1107. doi: 10.1109/NER.2013.6696130. PMID: 25284633
Reference-free harmonic regression technique to remove EEG-fMRI ballistocardiogram artifacts. Krishnaswamy P, Bonmassar G, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:5426-9. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610776. PMID: 24110963
Tracking non-stationary spectral peak structure in EEG data. Prerau MJ, Purdon PL, Eden UT. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:417-20. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609525. PMID: 24109712

Rapid fragmentation of neuronal networks at the onset of propofol-induced unconsciousness. Lewis LD, Weiner VS, Mukamel EA, Donoghue JA, Eskandar EN, Madsen JR, Anderson WS, Hochberg LR, Cash SS, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 4;109(49):E3377-86. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210907109. Epub 2012 Nov 5. PMID: 23129622
A spatiotemporal dynamic distributed solution to the MEG inverse problem. Lamus C, Hämäläinen MS, Temereanca S, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Neuroimage. 2012 Nov 1;63(2):894-909. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.020. Epub 2011 Nov 30. PMID: 22155043
A neurophysiological-metabolic model for burst suppression. Ching S, Purdon PL, Vijayan S, Kopell NJ, Brown EN. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Feb 21;109(8):3095-100. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1121461109. Epub 2012 Feb 7. PMID: 22323592
A unified point process probabilistic framework to assess heartbeat dynamics and autonomic cardiovascular control. Chen Z, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 1;3:4. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00004. eCollection 2012. PMID: 22375120
A spatially-regularized dynamic source localization algorithm for EEG. Pirondini E, Babadi B, Lamus C, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:6752-5. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347544. PMID: 23367479
A fast iterative greedy algorithm for MEG source localization. Obregon-Henao G, Babadi B, Lamus C, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:6748-51. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347543. PMID: 23367478
Beamforming approach to phase-amplitude modulation analysis of multi-channel EEG. Sampson AL, Babadi B, Prerau MJ, Mukamel EA, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:6731-4. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347539. PMID: 23367474
Monitoring heartbeat nonlinear dynamics during general anesthesia by using the instantaneous dominant Lyapunov exponent. Citi L, Valenza G, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:3124-7. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346626. PMID: 23366587

STATE-SPACE SOLUTIONS TO THE DYNAMIC MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY INVERSE PROBLEM USING HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING. Long CJ, Purdon PL, Temereanca S, Desai NU, Hämäläinen MS, Brown EN. Ann Appl Stat. 2011 Jun 1;5(2B):1207-1228. doi: 10.1214/11-AOAS483. PMID: 22081780
Tracking brain states under general anesthesia by using global coherence analysis. Cimenser A, Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Walsh JL, Salazar-Gomez AF, Harrell PG, Tavares-Stoeckel C, Habeeb K, Brown EN. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 24;108(21):8832-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1017041108. Epub 2011 May 9. PMID: 21555565
Instantaneous assessment of autonomic cardiovascular control during general anesthesia. Chen Z, Citi L, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:8444-7. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6092083. PMID: 22256307 Clinical Trial.
Robust time-varying multivariate coherence estimation: application to electroencephalogram recordings during general anesthesia. Wong KF, Mukamel EA, Salazar AF, Pierce ET, Harrell PG, Walsh JL, Sampson A, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:4725-8. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6091170. PMID: 22255393
Bayesian analysis of trinomial data in behavioral experiments and its application to human studies of general anesthesia. Wong KF, Smith AC, Pierce ET, Harrell PG, Walsh JL, Salazar AF, Tavares CL, Cimenser A, Prerau MJ, Mukamel EA, Sampson A, Purdon PL, Brown EN. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:4705-8. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6091165. PMID: 22255388
Phase-based measures of cross-frequency coupling in brain electrical dynamics under general anesthesia. Mukamel EA, Wong KF, Prerau MJ, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:1981-4. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090558. PMID: 22254722
General anesthesia and altered states of arousal: a systems neuroscience analysis. Brown EN, Purdon PL, Van Dort CJ. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:601-28. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153200. PMID: 21513454 Review.
Dynamic assessment of baroreflex control of heart rate during induction of propofol anesthesia using a point process method. Chen Z, Purdon PL, Harrell G, Pierce ET, Walsh J, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 Jan;39(1):260-76. doi: 10.1007/s10439-010-0179-z. Epub 2010 Oct 13. PMID: 20945159

Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness. Ching S, Cimenser A, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Kopell NJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 28;107(52):22665-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1017069108. Epub 2010 Dec 13. PMID: 21149695
A differential autoregressive modeling approach within a point process framework for non-stationary heartbeat intervals analysis. Chen Z, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:3567-70. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627462. PMID: 21096829

Time-variant fMRI activity in the brainstem and higher structures in response to acupuncture. Napadow V, Dhond R, Park K, Kim J, Makris N, Kwong KK, Harris RE, Purdon PL, Kettner N, Hui KK. Neuroimage. 2009 Aug 1;47(1):289-301. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.060. Epub 2009 Apr 1. PMID: 19345268
Assessment of Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate During General Anesthesia Using a Point Process Method. Chen Z, Purdon P, Pierce E, Harrell G, Brown E, Barbieri R. Proc IEEE Int Conf Acoust Speech Signal Process. 2009 May 26;2009:333-336. doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2009.4959588. PMID: 20473342
Simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging of general anesthesia. Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Bonmassar G, Walsh J, Harrell PG, Kwo J, Deschler D, Barlow M, Merhar RC, Lamus C, Mullaly CM, Sullivan M, Maginnis S, Skoniecki D, Higgins HA, Brown EN. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Mar;1157:61-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.04119.x. PMID: 19351356
Linear and nonlinear quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia during propofol general anesthesia. Chen Z, Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Harrell G, Walsh J, Salazar AF, Tavares CL, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:5336-9. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5332693. PMID: 19963899 Clinical Trial.

An open-source hardware and software system for acquisition and real-time processing of electrophysiology during high field MRI. Purdon PL, Millan H, Fuller PL, Bonmassar G. J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Nov 15;175(2):165-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.07.017. Epub 2008 Aug 5. PMID: 18761038

PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND DYNAMIC SOURCE LOCALIZATION FOR THE MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) INVERSE PROBLEM. Lamus C, Long CJ, Hämäläinen MS, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Proc IEEE Int Symp Biomed Imaging. 2007 May 15;2007:1092-1095. doi: 10.1109/ISBI.2007.357046. PMID: 20407591

EEG/(f)MRI measurements at 7 Tesla using a new EEG cap (“InkCap”). Vasios CE, Angelone LM, Purdon PL, Ahveninen J, Belliveau JW, Bonmassar G. Neuroimage. 2006 Dec;33(4):1082-92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.038. Epub 2006 Oct 10. PMID: 17035045
Strategies for improving the detection of fMRI activation in trigeminal pathways with cardiac gating. Zhang WT, Mainero C, Kumar A, Wiggins CJ, Benner T, Purdon PL, Bolar DS, Kwong KK, Sorensen AG. Neuroimage. 2006 Jul 15;31(4):1506-12. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.033. Epub 2006 Apr 19. PMID: 16624588
On the effect of resistive EEG electrodes and leads during 7 T MRI: simulation and temperature measurement studies. Angelone LM, Vasios CE, Wiggins G, Purdon PL, Bonmassar G. Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Jul;24(6):801-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.01.006. Epub 2006 Mar 27. PMID: 16824975

Motion and ballistocardiogram artifact removal for interleaved recording of EEG and EPs during MRI. Bonmassar G, Purdon PL, Jääskeläinen IP, Chiappa K, Solo V, Brown EN, Belliveau JW. Neuroimage. 2002 Aug;16(4):1127-41. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1125. PMID: 12202099

Locally regularized spatiotemporal modeling and model comparison for functional MRI. Purdon PL, Solo V, Weisskoff RM, Brown EN. Neuroimage. 2001 Oct;14(4):912-23. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0870. PMID: 11554810

Effect of temporal autocorrelation due to physiological noise and stimulus paradigm on voxel-level false-positive rates in fMRI. Purdon PL, Weisskoff RM. Hum Brain Mapp. 1998;6(4):239-49. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:4<239::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID: 9704263

Fractal dynamics of human gait: stability of long-range correlations in stride interval fluctuations. Hausdorff JM, Purdon PL, Peng CK, Ladin Z, Wei JY, Goldberger AL. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 May;80(5):1448-57. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.80.5.1448. PMID: 8727526